By
V.Krishna Moorthy Bhaskar Karnick
Background...
Science is facts; just as houses are made of stone, so is science made of facts; but a pile of stones is not a house, and a collection of facts is not necessarily science.
Jules Henri Poincar (1854-1912) French mathematician.George Bernard Shaw said "Cricket is a game played by 22 fools and followed by 22,000 fools". Shaw's statement is very true. This is the age of Cable television, only the number is wrong, it is not 22,000 probably it may be 22 Crores. Bernard Shaw as cricket historian C.L.R. James wittily observes - who "sneered at the games, but could not keep away". When we are watching India lose badly in a match, we still hope for miracles to happen as the last ball of last over being bowled. But, by the time the next match starts, it appears a different ball game, everything is forgotten and everyone is forgiven. No wonder cricket seems foolish for those who don't know how to enjoy the great game of cricket, our nations pastime and pride!!!.
Historically, Cricket has been the Queen of Games. The game of cricket may have, of late, lost its supreme innocence especially after the recent betting scandals. Not for nothing has the phrase "It's not cricket" acquired as a virtual synonym for fair play.
One more event of history, on his deathbed, the Cambridge mathematician G.H. Hardy who "discovered" our very own Ramanujan is reported to have asked visitors about Test scores in far-off Australia. Cricket for Hardy was a passion, a religion, which virtually kept him alive. Had he been living today, he would no doubt have been glued to the television screen.
"Science never solves a problem without creating ten more."-- George Bernard ShawBut, what does sports has to do with science? If you say, "Nothing", you are Wrong! In fact, in the current day scenario, science plays a vital role in sports. Of late, throughout the world, there has been an increasing interest in Sports Science. The Biomechanics of bowling and batting has taken the front seat. Even topics like injury prevention, especially among the fast bowlers, is a key concern for Cricket players today, Science can help here. Pitches play vital role in the injury prevention and Science can help to make better and safer cricket pitches. There should be programmes of progressive training courses for the preparation of cricket pitches, ball handling and proper exercise to tune the body of cricketers. Pitches, bowling actions, LBW decisions create lot of confusions in umpire's decision in modern day cricket. Any amount of electronics seems to be inadequate for determining the flight of the ball!
Today, Sports science is playing an increasingly important role in the development of the game of cricket. Cricket is no more an art. As we see computers could easily mimic the art works, than in applications of Science in Sports. There are two issues that we are addressing - firstly, one can create a robot hand to copy Leonardo da Vinci wrists or directly create the Mono Lisa through a Paint-Brush Software. In the cricket arena also they start emulating bowling equipments to face Shoaib. It is also possible to mimic Tendulkar bat, technically feasible, but cost prohibitive. The Psycho factors will still rule. If Tendulkar keeps up his art of missing out wrong balls without chasing and nicking, Akhktar machine practice will lead him nowhere! The batting greats know how to play and miss the ball when the delivery has done the dancing bowler defined tandavas before reaching out to them. Non-playing of balls are as much important as smashing them past the ropes or straight to roofs, whether it is 66 meters away or 70 metres!!
What is reverse SwingReverse Swing, as Sanjay Manjrekar puts it, Pakistan's gift to modern day cricket.
When an old ball swings sharply, and in the opposite direction to that achieved by conventional swing, it is called reverse swing. Pioneered by Sarfraz Nawaz of Pakistan in the '70s, it was not until the early '90s that the rest of the world started to understand this phenomenon, scientifically. Its leading exponents are often accused of ball-tampering
Normal swingNormal swing is acheived by keeping one side of the ball polished smooth and shiny, and delivering the ball with the polished side forward, and the seam angled in the direction of desired swing. The outswinging delivery moves away from the right-handed batsman, while the inswinger moves in towards him. Normal swing is achieved by maintaining laminar boundary layer air-flow on the shiny side whilst creating turbulent flow on the seam side. These deliveries, particularly the outswinger, are the bread and butter of opening bowlers who get to use the ball while it is still new.
Reverse SwingReverse swing is very different to conventional swing. Although the seam is oriented in the same way as for an outswinger and the action is the same, the rough side of the ball is to the fore, and the ball moves in to the batsman like an inswinger. Reverse Swing is Achieved when the ball is bowled very fast. In this case the air flow will become turbulent on both sides before it reaches the seam.
Some points of interest:Humidity: Despite being widely observed in practice, there is currently no theoretical, or experimental, evidence for humidity having any affect on the amount of swing. Humid air is less dense than dry air - although the difference is minimal - and so would be expected to induce less swing. Experiments in wind tunnels show no noticeable difference in the amount of swing between dry and humid air, and there is no measureable aerodynamic difference in the state of the ball due to moisture.
Late Swing: There are several possible explanations for late swing - where sideways movement occurs only late in the ball's flight.
i). It is an illusion. The flight path of a ball with a constant sideways-acting force applied to it is parabolic: the amount of the sideways movement naturally increases along the flight path.
ii). The ball is initially above the transition speed for turbulent flow on the shiny, non-seam side, but drops below this threshold as it deccelerates in flight, particularly after bouncing, initiating late swing.
iii). The ball rotates slightly in flight, with the seam becoming angled and thus initiating late swing.
With a turbulent boundary layer on both sides of the ball, the effect of the seam is reversed. It now acts as a ramp, pushing the turbulent air away from the ball and causing the boundary layer to peel away sooner. That makes the pressure on that side higher, forcing the ball to swing towards the batsman.
To get reverse swing with a new ball, smooth on both sides, experiments show that the bowler has to reach 80-90 miles per hour to get appreciable movement. This kind of speed has only ever been achieved consistently by a few bowlers. A scuffed ball however can generate substantial reverse swing at speeds well within the capabilities of any medium-paced bowler.
The ideal ball for reverse swing has one side rough, the other smooth, with a prominent seam in between. The seam should be angled at about 15 degrees to the direction of flight, pointing away from the desired direction of movement. The ball can then be swung both into and away from the batsman depending solely on which side of the ball is delivered at the front - generating either normal or reverse swing. Because the bowler does not need to change either his grip or his action, the batsman will have no clue which way the ball is likely to move.
For reverse swing the amount of sideways movement is related to the speed of delivery, making this a particularly effective delivery for fast bowlers.
The basic idea about reverse swing that a bowler has to understand is that the ball moves in the direction of the shiny side or the heavier side (wet side), the other side of the ball being considerably rough . This is the only thing a bowler has to realize and not the ball mechanics involved in reverse swing . So as stated above, the ball moves in the direction of the shine , irrespective of whether the bowler is gripping the ball for an outswinger or an inswinger .
Different variations that can be used with reverse swing (unless stated, the following is looked at a right arm bowler bowling to a right handed batsman ) :-
(1) Holding the ball for an outswinger , with the shiny/wet side on the right side .
Result : Ball initially moves out in the air and comes back into the batsman sharply .Usually, a batsman can be out leg before as he tends to play along the wrong line . Even a half volley with this kind of ball may not be as easy as it appears for the batsman , with a gate opening between bat and pad (the batsman attempting a cover drive) as he tends to play for the outswinger .
(2) Holding the ball for an inswinger, with the shiny/wet side on the left side .
Result : Ball initially moves towards the batsman and at the last moment darts away from the batsman.A batsman can be caught behind the wickets and sometimes bowled . One best way to ball this type of delivery is to go wide off the crease and with this angle, a batsman is forced to play the ball . Outside offstump line may only result in the batsman being beaten, so the more effective line would be on offstump, the length should be around the good length - forcing the batsman to play a forward defensive shot .
(3) Holding the ball for an outswinger, with the shiny/wet side on the left side .
Result : It is very obvious that the ball moves more and more away from the batsmanSo the line of the delivery should be more on the middle stump . This kind of delivery results more in getting the batsman to nick the ball to the wicket keeper and the slips . It is important to know that by holding the ball in this fashion , a bowler cannot afford to pitch it outside off stump, atleast in limited overs matches as it would be called a 'wide' .
(4) Holding the ball for an inswinger, with the shiny/wet side on the right side .
Result : The ball moves in very sharply almost like a double inswinger/banana inswinger .This kind of delivery must be pitched outside offstump so that the Umpire thinks it would hit the legstump atleast .Great delivery for the big inswinging yorkers or the 'toe crunchers' as they are called . Batsman can be out either by getting bowled or leg before .
Left Handers , hmmmmmm I always liked bowling round the wicket to them . You can create more angles for a left hander than a right hander, thus making bowling to lefties a lot more fascinating .
There is a myth that reverse swing is only effective for the real quick bowlers , which isn't true at all. Best example that comes to my mind is that of Nathan Astle ,of New Zealand, in a Test Series in India . Nathan Astle bowled many overs in that series, the pitches were not quick but Astle was successful in keeping one end tight with his millitary medium pace. All he did was to just keep on persisting with an offstump line backed up with some good reverse swing . Of course, the faster you bowl, more are the chances of a batsman being bowled by those fast toe crunchers . Medium pacers have a great chance of getting leg before decisions and caught behinds if not the 'bowleds' .
There is a worry in the Pakistan camp that the Indians might not be susceptible against reverse swing. The way they played in Australia it was apparent they knew what the ball would do. It might still be a mystery for teams like England and South Africa. But that doesn't seem the case with the Indians.
We in Pakistan are very good in "caring" for the ball. We make sure that at least one side of the ball retains its shine. After 30-40 overs, the dry conditions of our sub-continent help the ball to reverse swing. When Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis operated, we tried our best to ensure the ball didn't get wet or too much of sweat was not applied on it.
I remember the Old Trafford Test of 2001 when sweat on the hands of Saqlain Mushtaq didn't allow the ball to dry up enough. Saqlain usually sweats a lot. In order to counter it, and to make sure our fast bowlers got their way, he used to apply cream to keep his hands dry. These days I am speaking a lot to Shoaib Akhtar and Mohammad Sami, who incidentally is from my academy, about the plans they should hatch against the Indian batsmen. Most of the Indian batsmen are great but everyone has faults. As a coach, you must look at the current fault of batsmen. Sachin Tendulkar for instance does not have a long stride forward and any delivery which comes in quickly from a good length spot, he tends to inside edge on to his stumps.
Tendulkar, of course, is a genius and I would never forget his double century in Sydney. He clearly was struggling with his form. He had been dismissed a few times driving on the off-side. He cleverly took the centre rather than the off-stump guard. It allowed him to walk on to his off-stump and any delivery pitched on the middle and leg were worked on the on-side beautifully.
In the Camera eyesOf course, watching the games through TV camera eyes has reduced the game to more or less a Video game than Soul soothing Real thrillers!! No offence meant of camera experts contribution to bring the real life drama of the cricket - the bowling, hitting and the chase. The replay is a value addition apart for zooms and pans as long as ball scratching is not overplayed.
Other Science issues are Sports from a different branch of study viz. psychology, the psycholigists tune players mind to handle the stress of expectation and the pressure of intense competition, few runs or few wickets to win. Last but not least, Reverse Swing - makes cricket, a real art even though in Cricket, Science is every where. The streaming Rawalpindi Express, makes a interesting visual, one cannot afford to miss it, be it science or Arts.
But on one thing India and Pakistan cricket fans(90% of the population, if not more) are in firm agreement, Cricket is the best sport in the world.... It is not an exaggeration to say that the cricket series between India and Pakistan, March 13 to April 12th, has shut down both countries from all other activities.
W.G. Grace: Graceful Cricket
The game of cricket evolved a lot during the time of Grace. At the beginning of his career the bowlers had to apologise if they did not pitch it up on the off stump. There was little competition and bowlers were not respected. WG Grace was less fussy. He brought competition to the game and swing bowling and the googly arrived on the scene. Grace brought cricket to the attention of many and promoted the game. People respected him. The game was changed.
1775
LAWS FOR THE BOWLERS, Four BALLS and Over
Law 10
2000 Law 42 (Fair and unfair play)
1. Fair and unfair play responsibility of captainsThe responsibility lies with the captains for ensuring that play is conducted within the spirit and traditions of the game, as described in The Preamble The Spirit of Cricket, as well as within the Laws.
2. Fair and unfair play responsibility of umpiresThe umpires shall be the sole judges of fair and unfair play. If either umpire considers an action, not covered by the Laws, to be unfair, he shall intervene without appeal and, if the ball is in play, shall call and signal Dead ball and implement the procedure as set out in 18 below. Otherwise the umpires shall not interfere with the progress of play, except as required to do so by the Laws.
3. The match ball changing its condition(a) Any fielder may
(i) polish the ball provided that no artificial substance is used and that such polishing wastes no time.
(ii) remove mud from the ball under the supervision of the umpire.
(iii) dry a wet ball on a towel.
CORRECT SIZING OF CRICKET BATS
Shop and learn about balls Height of player Bat Size Bat Size Height (m) Height (Ft) Age Up to 4ft 3in 1 1 upto 1.29m up to 4' 3" 4ft 3in - 4ft 6in 2 2 1.29 - 1.37 4' 3" - 4' 6" 4ft 6in - 4ft 9in 3 3 1.37 - 1.44 4' 6" - 4' 9" 8 4ft 9in - 4ft 11in 4 4 1.44 - 1.50 4' 9" - 4' 11" 9-11 4ft 11in - 5ft 2in 5 5 1.50 - 1.57 4' 11" - 5' 2" 10-12 5ft 2in - 5ft 4in 6 6 1.57 - 1.68 5' 2" - 5' 6" 11-13 5ft 4in - 5ft 6in Harrow Harrow 1.68 - 1.75 5' 6" - 5' 9" 12-14 5ft 6in - 5ft 9in Academy Full SH 1.75 - 1.88 5' 9" - 6' 2" 15+ 5ft 9in and over Full Size Full LH over 1.88 over 6' 2" 15+ White, leather mens size cricket ball. Made in India, conforms to MCC specifications, 5 1/2 oz (156g). Hand stitched with a black seam and water proofed with a glossy varnish for extended life
KING WHITE:
MATCH RED:
SUPER CAVALIER
What is the size of a cricket pitch? The cricket pitch measures 22 yards or 20.12 metres in length and 5 feet or 1.52 metres in width. The length is measured between the middle stumps of each set of wickets at each end.
CORRECT SIZING OF BATS, PADS AND GLOVES
BATSThe correct size of bat is important if a player is to make full use of his potential. This applies just as much to junior players as to seniors. All too often junior players use bats that are a size too large for them, especially when stepping from a Harrow to a Full Size. Unfortunately, parents are often the worst culprits, treating bats like clothes, in wanting their young players to have a bigger bat than is necessary in order to "grow into it". This really is not a good idea.
If a bat is too heavy it forces the player to alter his grip trying to lift the bat when playing a shot, bringing the bat down across the line of ball. Bats that are too long prevent the bat being picked up correctly as the top of the handle gets in the way. Choosing the correct bat is vital for proper technical development. A young player, playing a reasonable level of cricket is much better off with a slightly smaller, lighter bat, which will help him improve his stroke play, than a heavy, oversized bat which will cause his play to deteriorate and maybe lessen his interest in the game.
The main aim for a comfortable bat is to enable the player to play strokes without undue effort or hindrance. To help you judge what size you should be looking for, the chosen bat should be placed on the outside of the right foot (if right handed), left foot (if left handed), and allow the bat to be placed on the inside of the thigh. The top of the bat handle should sit no further than the top of the groin, otherwise it will get caught up in the pads. Also, it will be too heavy to handle. To judge the weight, ask the player to hold the bat straight out in front of him at shoulder height with his playing hand. If the bat moves or trembles at all, then again it is too heavy.
PADSThe simplest method of ascertaining the correct pads is to ask the player to put the pads on and see if the knee is sitting in the middle of the horizontal knee bolster. If the knee is below, then the pad is too large, if above, then you need to try a larger size.
GLOVESThe fingers should be quite near the finger ends of the gloves, so that the protective finger rolls can do their job. It is no good to have an inch or so of glove flapping at the end of the hand, as it impairs grip. So again, no "growing into gloves" either! Once on, turn the player's palm up, run the thumb across the palm left to right, pressing firmly. If there is a lot of leather palm creasing at the end, then the gloves are too small, will cause great discomfort during a game and will once again impede grip.
What on earth is the game - cricket?"Baseball has the great advantage over cricket of being sooner ended."-- George Bernard Shaw Two teams of eleven take it in turn to bat, and the batting team puts two players on the playing area at one time. The other team places all eleven players on the field in various positions, simply enough, to field.
The Game
Objective:
There are two officials on the field also, known as umpires. The umpires are in charge of rules and may make any ruling necessary.
The players who are going to bat, (the batsmen) stand at opposite sides of the pitch. The bowler will deliver the ball to the receiving batsman, whose job is to hit the ball out into the field. While the fielders are collecting it and throwing it back to the bowler, the two batsmen run backwards and forwards between the wickets (the three sticks placed at each end of the pitch).
The idea is to make as many runs as possible from each ball thrown. Runs are added to the teams score, and the more runs they have, the better.
The task of the bowler is to dismiss the batsmen (get them out) by bowling the ball so that it hits the wickets. A player may also be out by an opposing player hitting the wickets with the ball when the player is running and is not in the batting section.
When ten players are out, the innings ends, and the teams swap, so the team who were batting change to fielding, and the team who were fielding change to batting.
ScoringThe batsman can score runs in several different ways, although all of them involve hitting the ball. There is a boundary running around the edge of the playing field, this can be anything from a white line to a very long length of rope.
While there are two batsman, the player who actually scores runs is the one who had the ball bowled to them. This also applies for overthrows (but not for any other extras).
If the batsman hits the ball, and hit goes across the boundary, after bouncing on the field, it counts as four runs automatically, known simply as a four. If the ball travels across the boundary without hitting the ground first, it counts as six runs automatically, known as a six.
- If a ball is caught after a run or runs have been completed, that run or runs do not count.
- If a four or a six is scored, any extra runs made do not count. Only the four or the six would count, and the batsman return to their original positions.
- If a player catches the ball, and steps over the boundary, it counts as a six, providing the player was not caught out, of course. This also applies if the catching player touches the boundary in any way.
Runs can be made in any combination, of one, two, three, four, and so on. The number of runs the batsmen make is up to them, they decide whether they can make it safely.
When a run is scored, both batsmen run, regardless of which one hit the ball. When both batsmen run to each others wickets, that counts as one run.
If an odd number of runs is scored, the batsmen will stay at whichever side of the pitch they are on. In this way, both batsmen may get a chance at scoring runs as the bowler will continue to bowl from one side of the pitch to whichever batsmen is in position. This called being at the crease. That batsman is at the crease, next up at the crease, etc.When is a batsman out?
Ball handling
Bowled out -
The wickets, with bails on topThe bails are marked pink for visibility in this diagram, although for a game, they are most likely to be wood like the wickets.
Caught out
Handled ball
Hitting the ball twice
Hitting the wicket
Leg before wicket (lbw) -
This applies only if the ball would have otherwise hit the wicket.The player will be out lbw if
- the ball is pitched in a straight line between the two sets of wickets
- the ball pitches on the off side of the batter's wicket (the side of the pitch in front of the batsman, that he is facing, i.e. to the bowler's left for a right-handed batsman.)
- the ball hits the batter full pitch before hitting the ground, and it would have gone in a straight line between the two sets of wickets. The point of impact must be in a straight line between the two sets of wickets, even if it is above the height of the bails.
Any ball that pitches outside leg stump (on the side of the wicket that the batter's front leg is in front of) does not count as lbw.
If the ball merely hits the batsman then rolls away into the field, the batsmen can make runs.
See Extras.
Obstructing the field -
Run out -
When a wicket is hit with the ball, which batsman is out? If the batsmen have crossed (run past each other), it is the coming batsman who is run out. If they have not crossed, it is the leaving batsman who is run out.
Stumped -
Timed out
BowlingThe bowler must make a fair delivery of the ball. To do this, the bowler must notify the umpire:
- whether he is to bowl overarm or underarm (underarm bowling is rarely used, and is not allowed in limited-overs cricket)
- whether he is to bowl over or round the wicket (over wicket - ball goes straight and bounces up, round wicket - ball is delivered either left or right of wicket)
- if the delivery is to be left or right-handed
The ball must be bowled, not thrown. The arm used for bowling must be straight during delivery. The bowlers back foot must be inside the return crease, and the front foot must be within the popping crease, on the ground or not.
The non-striking batsman must stand on the opposite side of the wicket from the batsman, unless the umpire agrees to make an exception.
Other ways runs can be scored (extras / sundries)
No-ballIf the bowler breaks any of the above rules, the delivery is called a no-ball, and one run is added to the batting teams score. A no-ball does not count towards the over, and an extra ball is bowled to compensate.
ByeA ball which passes the striker without hitting the body of the batting player, the bat, or the wickets. It is a bye if it has not already been called by the umpire as a no-ball or a wide. Byes are not included in the bowler's analysis. Boundaries can be scored from byes.
Leg-bye
For byes and leg-byes, the ball rolls away past the player at the crease while the fielders pick it up and return it. The ball can be returned to the wicket-keeper if they think there is a chance of running a player out, otherwise it goes to the bowler.
Overthrow
WideAlso counts as one run to the opposing team. A wide occurs when the ball is either too high or too far left or right of the batsman to reasonably hit.
These all count as extras (or sundries) and are added to the batting team's total.
For example, their score is 140-1, with 20 extras.This signifies that 20 runs have been made without the bat. Over the course of an entire match, there may be a lot of stolen runs made from extras here and there.
Note:
Types of bowlingThe cricket ball can be affected by the shininess, the shinier it is, the less wind resistance, and whether the seam has been picked. If the threads of the seam are slightly raised on one side, this will also affect the balls course through the air.
Bowlers are described as "left/right handed (type of delivery) bowler, such as
Left-handed spin bowlerThe bowler may also try to hit the ball on the ground with the seam of the ball, so it will bounce up erratically, to make it harder for the batsman to hit. A medium-paced bowler who will do this is called a seam bowler.
You may hear the terms 'leg side', 'on side', 'off side', or just 'leg', 'on' and 'off' when bowling is being discussed. This is what they mean:
- Leg side (also known as on side), sometimes just referred to as leg or on, means the side of the field behind the batsman at the crease.
- Off (also referred to as off side), means the side of the field in front of the batsman at the crease (the side the batsman is facing).
Two more terms which you may hear are 'over the wicket' and 'round the wicket'. They mean:
- Over the wicket is when the bowler delivers the ball with the bowling hand nearest the stumps
- Round the wicket is when the bowler delivers the ball with the bowling hand furthest from the stumps
BouncerA fast, short-pitched ball that hits the ground in front of the batsman and bounces up to at least chest height.
GooglyAn off break delivery made with a leg break bowling action.
SpinLeg-break spin / Leg break
The ball is bowled spinning in an anti-clockwise direction so that it bounces sideways across the face of the batsman after hitting the ground. It moves from leg to off after pitching.
Leg cutter
A fast leg break. The bowler cuts the fingers across the seam to add spin just before delivery.
Off-spin / Off break
The ball will hit the ground on the offside, and bounce in towards the wickets. It moves from off to leg after pitching.
Off cutter
A fast off break. The bowler cuts the fingers across the seam to add spin just before delivery.
Swing bowling, inswing and outswingInswing - the ball will travel across the face of the batsman in the air, and toward the leg side (the front leg).
Outswing - the ball will swing in the air towards the offside, the back leg.
Types of battingBatsmen may elect to play either an attacking stroke or a defensive stroke, depending on the bowler and the run of play, and their own personal decision. A defensive stroke may not produce any runs, or only rare single runs, but will keep the batsman at the crease for when the next bowler comes in. As different bowlers have different tactics, a batsman may prefer to play attacking against one, defensively against another.
Defensive shotsDefensive stroke
The ball is stopped dead, and only travels a metre or two away.
Back defensive stroke
Played off the back foot.
Attacking shotsCut
If the ball is bowled slowly to a position wide of the off stump (back leg stump from the batsman's point of view).
Full toss
The ball does not bounce before being hit with the bat. It is usually hit down the leg side.
Glances
Forward and backward glances are both similar to the forward and backward defensive strokes. The ball is deflected off the face of the bat, often to leg side.
Hook
Similar to the pull, made from the back foot, and often hit to leg side.
Off-drive
When the ball is struck cleanly and powerfully to the offside (the side of the field which is opposite to batsman's front leg) of the field, between cover and mid-off.
On-drive
Made towards the batsman's leg side of the field (the on-side), the same way as the off-drive, between mid-wicket and mid-on.
Pull
Played if the ball bounces early (a short delivery), and aimed for mid-wicket
Straight drive
The ball is simply hit straight, past the bowler.
Sweep
This is a pull taken on the side of the batsman's front leg, and swept across when the ball is delivered slowly to the wicket stump which is also on the batsman's leg side.
Extras are known as 'sundries' in Australia. - a throw from a fielder that passes the wicketkeeper and allows batsmen to get more runs. Boundaries can be scored from an overthrow, and any runs made count on top of a boundary, if one is scored. Runs are credited to the batsman.A run scored if the ball hits the players body or clothing (not the bat or bat hand - then it counts as a fair ball). Leg-byes are not included in the bowler's analysis. Boundaries can be scored from leg-byes. - if a batsman is dismissed, the next batsman must step onto the field within two minutes, unless there is a good reason not to, otherwise the umpire will sent the player off before he has stepped on the field if the player hits the ball and the wicket-keeper (player behind the wickets, see Fielding positions for details) catches the ball and strikes the wickets, the player is out by being stumped. If the wicket-keeper hits the wickets after the player has started running, the player is run out. the player running back to the crease must place the bat behind the line before the wickets are hit by a fielder. If a batsman is run out, all runs made in that stroke prior to the run where he was caught are counted.if a batsman distracts or obstructs the fielders, physically or verbally. the basic rule is if a batsman prevents the ball from hitting the wicket with any part of the body, not just the leg. If the player attempts to hit the ball, and the ball instead hits the players body anywhere other than the hand holding the bat then that player is out by lbw. - if the batsman hits his own wickets. If the ball is hit straight, and it hits the opposite stumps, neither batsman is out. - the player may not hit the ball twice, unless it is to expressly keep the ball away from the wicket. - a batsman is given out if they deliberately touch the ball with the hand(s), unless the opposing side have given consent for the batsman to do so. - if any fielder catches the ball after the batsman has hit it, the batsman is out immediately. If a fielder makes contact with the ball and is slips out of his hand, and he catches it again before it hits the ground, the batsman is still out. A hit on the ball in this case includes the batsman's hand or glove in contact with the ball. Even if the ball has gone over the boundary, if it is caught, the player is out.this is when the bowler bowls the ball, and it hits the wickets without the batsman hitting it, or the ball comes off the bat of the batsman's body and hits the wickets. For this to count, one or both of the bails must be knocked off the wickets. - the batsman may not handle the ball with the hand which is not holding the bat, unless the other team have given permission to.Top quality alum tanned leather, 4 pieces, hand stitched. Ideal for English conditions. As used in the ICC Trophy 2000 at Sharjah. Special Grade A - 5 1/2oz Reader brand Junior size 4 3/4oz cricket ball, made in India. Ideal for school and junior club cricket at Under 13 years old age group and below Red Incrediball. Plastic exterior with poly core, safer than ordinary cricket balls but with a seam and similar bounce. Available in adult and junior sizes The ball must be bowled; if thrown or jerked the umpire shall call No ball. Law 11 The bowler shall deliver the ball with one foot on the ground behind the bowling crease, and within the return crease, otherwise the umpire shall call No ball. Law 12 If the bowler shall bowl the ball so high over or so wide of the wicket that in the opinion of the umpire it is not within reach of the striker, the umpire shall call Wide ball. To allow Two Minutes for each Man to come inn when one is out, and Ten Minutes between each Hand.
To mark the Ball that it may not be changed.
They are fole Judges of all Outs and Inns; of all fair or unfair Play; of all frivolous Delays; of all Hurts, whether real or pretended, and are difcretionally to allow what Time they think proper before the Game goes on again.
In Cafe of a real Hurt to a Striker, they are to allow another to come inn, and the Perfon hurt to come inn again; but are not to allow a frefh Man to play, on either Side, on any Account.
They are fole Judges of all Hindrances; croffing the Players in running, and ftanding unfair to ftrike, and in Cafe of Hindrance may order a Notch to be fcor'd.
They are not to order any Man out, unlefs appealed to by one of the Players.
Thefe Laws are to the Umpires jointly.
Each Umpire is the fole Judge of all Nips and Catches; Inns and Outs; good or bad Runs, at his own Wicket, and his Determination fhall be abfolute; and he fhall not be changed for another Umpire, without the Confent of both Sides.
When the four Balls are bowl'd, he is to call over.
Thefe Laws are feparately.
When both Umpires call Play three Times, 'tis at the Peril of giving the Game from them that refufe to play.The Bowler muft deliver the Ball, with one Foot behind the Creafe, even with the Wicket; and when he has bowl'd one Ball, or more, fhall bowl to the Number of Four before he changes Wickets, and he fhall change but once in the fame Innings.
He may order the Player that is inn at his Wicket, to ftand on which Side of it he pleafes, at a reafonable Diftance.
If he delivers the Ball, with his hinder Foot over the Bowling-Creafe, the Umpire fhall call no Ball, tho' it be ftruck, or the Player be bowl'd out; which he fhall do without being afk'd, and no Perfon fhall have any Right to quesftion him.
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