Public Administration Syllabus for Main Examination

Administrative theory

1. Introduction:

Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration; Wilson's vision of Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its present status; New Public Administration; Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.

2. Administrative Thought:

Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber's bureaucratic model - its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon's decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).

3. Administrative Behaviour:

Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories - content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.

4. Organisations:

Theories - systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.

5. Accountability and control:

Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen's Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.

6. Administrative Law:

Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.

7. Comparative Public Administration:

Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.

8. Development Dynamics:

Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; 'Anti-development thesis'; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the self-help group movement.

9. Personnel Administration:

Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.

10. Public Policy:

Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.

11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement:

Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.

12. Financial Administration:

Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.

Paper-II

Indian Administration

1. Evolution of Indian Administration:

Kautilya's Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration - Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration, local self-government.

2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of government:

Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.

3. Public Sector Undertakings:

Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.

4. Union Government and Administration:

Executive, Parliament, Judiciary - structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intragovernmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister's Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.

5. Plans and Priorities:

Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; 'Indicative' planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.

6. State Government and Administration:

Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.

7. District Administration since Independence:

Changing role of the Collector; Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.

8. Civil Services:

Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity-building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.

9. Financial Management:

Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

10. Administrative Reforms since Independence:

Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.

11. Rural Development:

Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.

12. Urban Local Government:

Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.

13. Law and Order Administration:

British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of central and state agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.

14. Significant issues in Indian Administration: Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.

Week:1






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Indian History: India’s Geographical Location, Sources of Ancient Indian History. Sources of Medieval & Modern Indian History, Historical Writings, Inscriptions Etc.



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Afghanistan, Australia



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Development of Indian Constitution during British Era (Part I)



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Branches of Science: Branches of Biology, Zoology, Botany, Chemistry, Important Instruments and their Discoveries



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Introduction to Geography: Development, Branches, Approaches, Techniques, Terms:



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Knowledge about India's States and Union Territories -Uttar Pradesh



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







(Please note that The Mock Test will be posted to you mostly on Saturday. In case we are not able to provide you content/updates of any day(s) of the week, the backlog will be covered on Sunday itself. However generally, Sunday we shall keep a Break).







Week: 2







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A brief study of the Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age, Chalcolithic Age. A brief Introduction to the human settlements during that era in India. Comparative Study of The Above Ages. Copper Phase



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Landmarks In Indian History. Landmarks in World History



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Bahrain, Bhutan, Brazil & Burma



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Development of Indian Constitution during British Era (Part II)



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Constituent Assembly, Drafting Committee, Congress Dominance, Objectives Resolution



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Basics of Economics, Demand Analysis and Estimation - Individual, Market and Firm Demand, Determinants of Demand, Elasticity Measures And Business Decision Making,



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Demand Forecasting, Concept of Goods



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Study of a Cell: Theories, Structure And Types,



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The concepts related to Radioactivity



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Origin of Earth, Place, Position, Shape, Size, Grid System, Eclipses



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories: Maharashtra



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week: 3







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A brief study of Indus Valley Civilization, Discovery, Geography, Town Planning, Economic Life, Social & Religious Life, Political Life, Seals, Script, Other Facts. Contemporary Civilizations and Relationships, Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization,



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Canada, Chile, Colombia:



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Salient Features of Indian Constitution, Constitution Review Commission, Sources of Indian Constitution



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Basics of Market Structure - Competitive Market - Imperfect Competition And Barriers To Entry - Pricing In Different Markets - Recourse Markets - Pricing And Employment of Inputs Under Different Market Structures - Wages And Wage Differentials :



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Understanding Cell Division



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Understanding the Periodic Table



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Timescale, Interior of Earth, Land Forms, Plains



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India's States: Bihar



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:4







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A brief study of Vedic India, Origin And Arrival of Aryans, Rig-Veda Society, Rig Vedic Polity , Socio Economic Life During Later Vedic Phase, Religion, Literature, Vedic Doctrine,



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Vedas And Indian Society, Six Schools of Indian Philosophy:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Egypt, Estonia, Fiji, France



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Basics of Preamble of Constitution, Philosophy, Significance of Preamble,



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Introduction to Parts & Schedules of Indian Constitution



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Basics of Macro Economics, Concept of National Income



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Understanding Plant Tissues, Anatomy and Morphology of Plants



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Basic Concepts of Plateaus, Deserts, Mountains,



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India's States : West Bengal



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:5







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16 Mahajanpadas, Important Republics, Rise of Magadha, Iranian & Persian Invasions, Invasion of Alexander. Social and Economic Life during The Age of Mahajanpadas.



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Germany, Iceland, Iran, Ireland :



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States and Union Territories before States Reorganization Act 1956. Contemporary Issues and Development of New states



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Basics of Inflation, Price Indices, Balance of Payments , Balance of Trade , Employment Cost Index , Energy Elasticity , GDP, GNI (PPP) Per Capita , GNI Per Capita , Gini Coefficient :



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Understanding Animal Tissues, Anatomy And Morphology of Animals



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Basics of Rocks, Rivers



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh:



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:6







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Age of Religious Movements, Jainism & Buddhism, Ajivikas, Materialism and Materialistic Sects, Revivalist Movements, Polity and Economy during Buddha's Era.



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Israel, Iraq, Japan :



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Citizenship, Constitutional Base of Citizenship, Acts Related To Citizenships. :



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History of Planned Development In India, Foundation And Role of Planning In India:



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Understanding basics of Evolution, Adaptation, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Mutation, Natural selection, Speciation



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Understanding Soil & Soil structure, distribution of soil, Soil forming factors, Classification, Uses



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Tamil Nadu :



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:7







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The rise and fall of Mauryan Empire, Sources of Mauryan History, Important Literature,



Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusara, Asoka, Later Mauryas, Chanakya,



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Asoka’s Edicts:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Kazakhstan, South Korea , North Korea, Kyrgyzstan , Liberia



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Fundamental Rights-Meaning, Nature & Classification, Cases related to Fundamental Rights, Recent Issues.



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History of India's Planning Commission & National Development Council. :



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Understanding Plant Kingdom, Basics of Plant taxonomy



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Structure of Atmosphere



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India's States & Union Territories : Madhya Pradesh



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:8







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Decline of Mauryas,



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Features of Mauryan Life, Administration, Society, Economy,



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Reasons of Mauryan Decline,



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Mauryan Art & Architecture



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Maldives, Malta, Mongolia, New Zealand :



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Fundamental Rights: Exceptions, Parliament's Powers, Human Rights, 42nd Amendment Bill, Suspension during Emergency:



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Five Year Plans, Basics of First to fifth Five year Plans.



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Basics of Animal Kingdom and Introduction to Animal Taxonomy.



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Basics of Climatology, Climate Change, Recent issues, Carbon Trade



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India's States &Union Territories: Rajasthan:



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:9







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India after Mauryas, Shungas, Chetis, Kanvas, Satvahans, Shakas,



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Invasions from Central Asia:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Oman, Palestine, Poland, Saudi Arabia:



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Basics of Right to Information Act



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Five Year Plans: Fifth To 9th :



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The Bacteria: Classification, Diseases, application in Industry & Basic Concepts



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Basics of Humidity, Precipitation, Condensation, Rain, Acid Rain



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories: Karnataka :



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week: 10







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Art, Architecture of Post Mauryan India, Contemporary World History, Trade & Economy:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Singapore, Taiwan, Tajikistan :



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Directive Principles of State Policy, Features, Comparison With Fundamental Rights, Contemporary Issues.



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Agriculture



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Eleventh Five Year Plan: Targets, Midterm review and an analysis.



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Fundamentals of Algae & Fungi:



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Basics of Soil Water, Groundwater, Lakes, Rivers,



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories: Gujarat :



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:11







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Gupta Age, Chandra Gupta, Samudra Gupta, Chandra Gupta 2, Kumara Gupta 1, Skandagupta



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Reasons of Decline of Gupta Empire,



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Decline of Guptas Empire.:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Thailand , Turkey, Ukraine, :



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Conflicts Between Directive Principles And Fundamental Rights, Scope of Directive Principles.



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India's Resources : Land :



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Introduction to India's Department of Atomic Energy



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Understanding Nutrition In Plants



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Basics of Chemical Bonding



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Fundamentals of Oceans, Islands, Salinity, Coral Reefs, Ocean Studies :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Orissa :



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:12







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Gupta Era Administration, Economic & Social Developments, Religion, Art , Literature, Science & Technology:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: United States of America :



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India's President- Election, Powers, Brief notes about India's past presidents.



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India's Natural Resources : Forests & Biodiversity.



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Basic of Nutrition In Animals And Humans



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers



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Basics of Chemical Reactions



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Forests, Conservation of World Forests, Various Treaties and Organisations related to conservation of Forests.



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Kerala :



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:13







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The era of Harshavardhana, Chalukyas, Rastrakutas, Gangs, Ydavas, Kakatiyas, Silharas, Kadambas, Hoysals,:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, :



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India's Vice President, Council of Ministers: Related articles, Powers, Responsibilities



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India's Natural Resources: National Parks of India, Wildlife Sanctuaries,Biosphere Reserves, related legislations, borders and areas, concepts



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Fundamentals of Respiration In Plants,



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Oxidation & Reduction: Related chemical Reactions.



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Livestock, Fisheries In World , Fishing Grounds, Marine Harvests :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Jharkhand :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Civil Aviation



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:14







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History of South India ,Sangam Age , Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras,



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Argentina, Other Latin American Countries, Syria, Philippines, :



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Prime Minister, Cabinet, Inner Cabinet , Other Functionaries, :



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India's Resources: Water :



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Respiration In Animals, :



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Issues related to World Population, Growth of Population, Least Development Countries And Population Problem, Hunger, Human Diversity, Human Development Index, Poverty and measurement of poverty



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Assam :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Coal



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:15







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Art & Literature of Sangam Age, Polity of Sangam Age, Law & Justice, Economic Life & Religion of Sangam Age:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: China, Russia :



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Emergency Provisions. :



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India's Resources : Minerals. :



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Fundamentals of Transportation In Plants, Xylem and Phloem in Angiosperms



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World Agriculture, Farming Organization, Soil & Soil Conservation. :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Punjab :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Commerce and industry



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:16







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India After Guptas, North , Deccan South India



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India's transition to Medieval Period.:



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Pakistan :



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Fundamental of Indian Parliament : Bicameral Legislature. :



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Fundamentals of Census 2001 and related notes.



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Fundamentals of Transportation In Animals, Blood in invertebrates and vertibrates.



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World Power Resources, Coal, Petroleum, Hydro Electricity :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Haryana :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Communications and Information Technology



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:17







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The Era of Rajputs, Senas, Gahadwalas,



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India’s Contemporary Politico Economic Conditions



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Arab Conquests



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India's Bilateral Relationships: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Poland, :



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India's Parliament : Rajya Sabha



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India's Demography: Population Problem, National Population Policy, Human Development, :



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Understading Excreation :



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Thermal Electricity In The World, Nonconventional Electricity :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Chhattisgarh :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Corporate Affairs



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Culture



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:18







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The Ghaznavids, Ghoris



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Dawn of The Sultanate Era, Contemporary Cultural And Political Changes



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India's Bilateral Relationships with Other Countries, Latest Developments.



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India's parliament: Lok Sabha



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India's Demography: Literacy, Adult Literacy, Govt. Schemes To Tackle Low Literacy



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Human Skeleton System, Muscles And Movements, :



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World's Iron & Steel Industry :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : National Capital Territory of Delhi :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Defence



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:19







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The Slave Dynasty



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The United Nations, Member states, Observers , General Assembly , Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat (Secretary-General), Trusteeship Council , International Court of Justice, Breton Woods system , Charter , Enlargement, Flag, Global Compact, History , Peacekeeping missions



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The Procedure of Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha.



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Members of Parliaments,



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India's Demography: Women & Child Development, Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate



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Human Nervous System :



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World's Chemical Industry, Textile Industry :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Jammu And Kashmir :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Earth Sciences



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:20







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The Khilji Dynasty:



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United Nations Programmes and Agencies : FAO, ICAO, ILO, IMO, IPCC, IAEA , UNIDO, ITU, UNAIDS, UCSL, UNCTAD



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Legislative Proceedings, Parliamentary Committees, Financial System, Delegated Legislation.



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India's Demography: Development of Vulnerable Groups, Various Schemes For Woman And Child Development. :



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Reproduction In Plants



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Food Processing Industry :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Uttarakhand :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Environment and Forests -1



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:21







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Tughlaq Dynasty:



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United Nations Programmes and agencies: UNCITRAL, UNDCP , UNDP , UNEP, UNESCO, UNODC, UNFIP, UNIFEM, UNFPA, OHCHR, UNHCR, UNHRC, UN-HABITAT, UNICEF, UNITAR, UNOSAT, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WFP, WHO, WMO



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Other Terms & Revision of Parliament :



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History of Rural Development Programs: Infrastructure



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Reproduction In Animals and Human Reproduction.



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India's Economy: Land Transport :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Himachal Pradesh :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Environment and Forests -2



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:22







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Sayaid Dynasty, Lodhi Dynasty:



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The Brettonwood Brothers, World Bank and IMF,



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India's State Executive, Governor, Comparison of Governor And President :



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History of India's Development Programs :Education



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Human Endocrine System, Endocrine Glands, Secretions and Hormones.



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India's Economy : Water Transport :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Tripura :



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Introduction to India's Ministry of External Affairs



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:23







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Disintegration of Delhi Sultanate, Causes, Impacts.



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India & UN, India & WTO, BRIC, ASEAN, SAARC, :



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India's States Council of Ministers, Powers , Functions, Chief Minister, Advocate General. :



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India's Development Programs - Employment,



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Introduction to Plant Growth Hormones, Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellin, Thier discovery, usage and applications.



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India's Economy: Air Transport



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Meghalaya



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Finance-1



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:24







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The Bahamani Kingdom And Deccan Sultanate



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History of Human Rights, Human Rights Organizations, Human Rights in India, National Human Rights Commission



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Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council, Members of Legislative Assemblies. :



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India's Development Programs : Social Upliftment of Vulnerable Groups



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The Fundamentals of Concept of Heredity & Genetics, Applied genetics, Chromosomes ,Congenital disorders, Genetic disorders, Genetic engineering, Gene Banks



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International Trade , Conventions, Treaties,



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Manipur :



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



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Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:25







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Vijaynagar Empire:



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Customary International Law, Discrimination , Economic Freedom , Global Governance, Global Human Rights Defense , Human Responsibilities , Human Security , Political Repression , Warsaw Confederation :



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Conduct of Business In State Legislature, Legislative Privileges. :



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India's Urban Development Programs : Housing, Slum And Employment :



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Disease In Animals, Viral, bacterial & protozoan Diseses



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International Trade Organizations, Unions, Pattern :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Nagaland



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Introduction to India's Ministry of Finance -2



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Daily Updates on Current Affairs



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Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:26







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Mughal Era : Babur, Humayun



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Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, And Other Arms Control Treaties :



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Jammu & Kashmir: Special Position, Relationships, Current Situation :



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Trends In India's National Income. :



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Diseases In Plants, Impacts on agriculture,



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International Trade , Blocs, Composition, Issues :



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Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Goa :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Food Processing Industries



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:27







*



Shershah Suri and Akbar



*



Biodiversity, Conservation of Environmental Issues, Sustainability , Environment Treaties And Environment Events. :



*



Union Territories, Administration, Judiciary, Constitutional Provisions. :



*



Domestic Saving And Investment,



*



Ecology And Ecosystem :



*



General Physiographic of India :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Arunanchal Pradesh :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Home Affairs



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:28







*



Jahanagir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb:



*



Climate Change, Issues, Treaties, Organizations, Books, Conventions And Conferences, CO2 Emission, Bali Communiqué, Kyoto Protocol, Other Topics Related To Climate Change :



*



Constitutional Provisions of Scheduled And Tribal Areas :



*



India's Poverty Alleviation Programs, :



*



Biofertilizers, Animal Husbandry :



*



India's Rivers: Himalayan Rivers. :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Pondicherry :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Human Resource Development



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Labour and Employment



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:29







*



Mughal Kingdom: Social , Political, Economic Conditions, Cultural Developments, Arts, Architecture, Literatures, Autonomous States,:



*



India's Defense Program: Missiles



*



India's Judiciary, Supreme Court, :



*



India's Problem of Unemployment :



*



Fundamentals of Human Diseases & Immunology, Symptoms, Syndromes, Aging, Blood disorders, cancer , Cardiovascular diseases, Congenital disorders, Cutaneous conditions, Digestive diseases , Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Diseases of the eye, Foot diseases , Genetic disorders, Growth disorders , Immune system disorders , Infectious diseases Injuries, Kidney diseases



*



India's Rivers : Peninsular Rivers :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Chandigarh :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:30







*



Shivaji, Sambhaji, Peshwas & Maratha Confederacy:



*



India's Defense Program: Indian Army, Military History of India, Royal Indian Navy :



*



Indian Judiciary : High Courts, Subordinate Judiciary :



*



Indian Agriculture : Nature & History :



*



Forces of Nature, Units, Errors In Measurement :



*



India's Lakes , Water Shed Development In India. Ground Water In India



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Mizoram :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Law and Justice



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:31







*



Advent of Europeans – Portuguese, Dutch, English, French & Other European Countries:



*



India's Defense Program: Indian Air Force, Indian Coast Guard, Border Security Forces, :



*



Indian Federal System, Federal & Unitary Features of India Constitution :



*



Indian Agriculture : Schemes Related To Crops :



*



Matter : Theories & Properties :



*



India's Climate, Factors Affecting Climate of India. Rainfall , Seasons, :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Sikkim :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:32







*



Anglo French Rivalry:



*



India's Nuclear Program, India's Nuclear Command Authority, :



*



Finance Commission, :



*



Indian Agriculture : Various Acts And Policies of Government :



*



Motion And Force: Concepts, Types, Laws, Forces, Circular Motion, Angular Motion, Rotation :



*



Fundamentals of Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Landslides, Disaster Management :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Andaman And Nicobar Islands :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Mines



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Minority Affairs



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:33







*



Expansion of British Power:



*



India's Missile Programme, :



*



Planning Commission, National Development Council, :



*



Indian Agriculture : Seed, Soil, Mechanization,, Etc. Issues :



*



Work Energy And Power , Engines :



*



Natural Environment And Human Life :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Dadra And Nagar Haveli :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Panchayati Raj



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:34







*



British Rule : Governor General And Viceroys:



*



India's Security Pacts, Indo-Pak Wars,Kargil War, Indo-China War, :



*



Centre State Relations, Interstate Relations. :



*



Indian Agriculture : Agricultural Credit, Insurance, Marketing, Export Development, Bilateral Trade Pacts And Their Impact On Agro Exports :



*



Principle of A Simple Machine :



*



India's Natural Resources, Vegetation, Forest :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Daman And Diu :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Planning



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Power



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:35







*



British Administration: Judiciary, Civil Services, Development of Indian Constitution, Army & Police, Local Self Government.:



*



Indian Peace Keeping Forces, India's Military Operations, :



*



Elections In India, Constitutional Provisions, Election Commission, Delimitation of Constituencies, Procedure, Controversy Over EVM, Electoral Reforms, :



*



Food Security :



*



Waves : Nature, Types And Properties :



*



Forest Policy And Laws Related To Forest Conservation In India :



*



Brief History, Geography, Economy, Arts, Crafts, people, Tribes, Tourism & Politics & Development programs of India’s States & Union Territories : Lakshadweep :



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Road Transport and Highways



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:36







*



India’s Economy And British Rule: Impact On Agriculture, Industrialization, Land Revenue System, Industry And Trade.:



*



India's Defense : DRDO



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Rural Development



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Science and Technology



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Shipping



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment



*



Present Parliament, Last Held Elections, Indian Council of Ministers, Committees of Election Reforms, Political Parties, :



*



Cooperative Movement In India :



*



Heat : Nature, Measurement, Laws of Thermodynamics. :



*



Introduction to India Ministry of Environment & Forests. Afforestation, National Parks, Reserves, Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, :



*



United Nations: History & Origin :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:37







*



Socio Religious Reforms: Reasons, Brahmo Samaj , Ramakrishna Paramhamsa, Vivekanada, Parthana Samaj Etc.:



*



Tanks And Other Military Equipments of India, Ordinance Factories. :



*



Politics In India , India's Political System, History of National Political parties.



*



Indian Industry : History And Patterns :



*



Sound : Nature , Types And Propagation of Sound Waves :



*



India's Soils, Pattern of Distribution, Conservation :



*



United Nations: Structure & Administration :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:38







*



Development of Education During British Era: Various Committees And Dispatches.:



*



India's Official Languages: Constitution Provisions, Regional Languages, Language of Supreme Court, Special Directive Notes. :



*



Indian Industry : Public Sector, Maharatna, Navratna Companies. Latest Trends.



*



Light : Properties, Sources, Speed, Reflection, Dispersion, Shadows, Spectrum, Eclipses, Camera , Vision, Interference, Diffraction, Scattering , Optical Instruments. :



*



India's Tribal Population, Distribution,



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:39







*



Trade Union Movements:



*



Panchayati Raj In India:Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, Ashok Mehta Committee, Organization, State Election Commission, 12th Finance Commission And Panchayati Raj



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Steel



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Textiles



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Tourism



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Tribal Affairs



*



Indian Industry : Private Sector, Micro , Small & Medium Enterprises. :



*



Magnetism : Causes, Properties of Magnetic Field., :



*



Ethnic Diversity In India, Census Survey , Religions, Languages. :



*



United Nations: Organs & Organizations Under UN :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:40







*



Development of Press:



*



New Developments Related To Panchayati Raj, Problems And Defects. District Planning Committee :



*



Indian Industry : Labor Relations, Trade Unions, Industrial Sickness, Industrial Finance :



*



Electricity : Concept, Charge, Electron Theory, Conductors, Insulators, Induction :



*



India's Mineral Resources And Their Distribution :



*



United Nations: Relations, Awards, Schemes :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:41







*



Causes of Revolt of 1857:



*



Municipalities, Nagar Nighams, Nagar Palikas And Other Local Bodies. :



*



India's Infrastructure : Power, Coal Oil And Gas, :



*



Electricity : Resistance, Voltage, Potential Difference, Power, Thermo Electricity , Fields, Current , Lightning ,



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Urban Development



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Water Resources



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Women and Child Development



*



Introduction to India's Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports



*



India's Agriculture Land, Cropping, Seasons, :



*



United Nations: Recent News & Current Affairs, Books & Journals :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Daily Compendium with 25 Direct Answer Questions / Points in 20 -40 words each



*



Saturday or Sunday Mock test with 150 Objective Questions (In case we Keep a Break on Sunday)







Week:42







*



Growth of Nationalism, Tribal Movements, Peasant Struggles.:



*



Constitutional Amendments :



*



India's Infrastructure : Roads, Railways, Shipping And Ports :



*



Electro Chemistry :



*



Revolutions Related To Indian Agriculture & Animal Husbandry. , Livestock Composition, Structure :



*



United Nations: Programs, Media, Peacekeeping, Human Rights :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:43







*



Indian National Congress, Extremists, Partition of Bengal, Swadeshi Movement, Growth of Revolutionary Terrorism.:



*



Constitutional Amendments 1-20



*



India's Infrastructure: Civil Aviation & Telecommunication :



*



Electronics: Power Supply Circuits, Semiconductors, Conduction, Electrons, Holes. :



*



Pisciculture, Horticulture, Apiculture, Sericulture :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:44







*



First World War, Communalism , Montugu-Chelmsford Reforms, Rowlatt Act, Satyagraha, Jallianwalla Bagh:



*



Recent Cases of Importance :



*



India's Foreign Trade : Foreign Trade Policy :



*



Nuclear Physics: Nuclear Forces, Radio Isotopes, Nuclear Energy :



*



Constitutional Amendments 21-40



*



India's Power Generation, Thermal Power :



*



Asian Development Bank :



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:45







*



Khilafat, Noncoperation Movement, Swarajya Party, Communal Disturbances,:



*



Recent Cases of Importance :



*



India's Foreign Trade : Balance of Payments , Exchange Rate :



*



Astronomy & Universe :



*



India's Hydro Electric Power.



*



Constitutional Amendments 41-60



*



Environment Treaties



*



Daily Updates on Current Affairs



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:46







*



India’s Independence:



*



India's Foreign Trade : Export Development Schemes :



*



Atomic Theory of Matter, Atoms, Molecules, Formulae, Chemical Reactions, :



*



Transport In India : Land :



*



Constitutional Amendments 61-80



*



World's Famous Wars



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week 47:







*



Analysis of Economic Survey 2010-11







Week 48:







*



Analysis of Railway Budget 2011-12



*



Investment In India , FDI, India's FDI Policy :



*



Transport In India : Oil Gas Pipelines, Aviation , Water Transport :



*



Constitutional Amendments 81-96



*



World's Freedom Struggles



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:48







*



Indian Currency, Various Acts Related To Currency, Value of Rupee. :



*



Metals & Nonmetals, Carbon :



*



World's Revolutions



*



Analysis of the General Budget 2011-12



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:49







*



India's Banking And Financial Market :



*



Solutions, Acids, Bases, Salts :



*



World's Extremes :



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:50







*



Public Finance In India :



*



Petroleum, Fertilizers , Pesticides, Fire Extinguishers :



*



World's Extremes



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions







Week:51







*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions



*



Mock Test paper With 150 Objective questions

Sample Content: "Gist of Yojana"

The Indo-us Nuclear Deal : Basic Facts

India and the United States signed a landmark deal in October 2008,

which allows India access to US civil nuclear fuel and technology.

What is it that makes this deal so significant? How does India stand

to gain from it? Here are some answers to these questions:

What is the Indo-U.S. Civilian Nuclear Deal?



This is a deal between India and the United States for civil nuclear

cooperation. Under this agreement, the United States can sell civilian

nuclear fuel and technology to India. India in turn, has to separate

its civil and military nuclear facilities and place all its civil

nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Association

(IAEA) inspection. The accord took three years to be finalized, during

which it went through a series of complex stages that included

amendment of U.S. domestic law, formulation of a civil-military

nuclear separation plan in India, an India-IAEA safeguards

(inspections) agreement and the grant of an exemption for India by the

Nuclear Suppliers’ Group (NSG).

What are the Hyde Act and the 123 Agreement?



Under Section 123 of its Atomic Energy Act, the United States can

enter into civilian nuclear trade only with those countries that have

signed the NPT and CTBT. India has signed neither treaty. Further,

after its first nuclear test in 1974, the United States had placed a

ban on the supply of nuclear fuel and technology to India. In order to

sign the present deal, the section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act needed

to be amended. The Hyde Act 2006, a domestic Act of the United States,

was accordingly brought in to amend this Section and provide a legal

framework for a 123 Agreement with India. With this agreement India

becomes the only non-NPT/CTBT signatory to have signed the 123

Agreement with the United States.

Who are the Nuclear Suppliers Group?



Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a 45 nation body concerned with

reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling trade in nuclear fuel

and technology. Their policies had so far kept India out of bounds of

international nuclear trade as it has not signed the NPT and CTBT.

Some countries in the NSG had misgivings about giving India the

unprecedented waiver of carrying on international civil nuclear trade

even without signing the NPT, but the approval finally came through

keeping in view India’s strong non-proliferation records, and its

voluntary declaration of “no first use” of nuclear weapons.

What does India get from the Agreement?



Indo-US Civil nuclear deal has paved the way for the growth of the

nuclear power sector in India, which has so far been plagued by

shortages of nuclear fuel. India has limited reserves of Uranium,

which is the crucial fuel needed at the present stage of our nuclear

power program.

India’s nuclear power generation is only about 1800 Mw against an

installed capacity of 4120 Mw. With the present agreement, which is

valid for 40 years and extend able by another 10 years, India hopes to

address this fuel shortage. Under this agreement the US is committed

to ensure uninterrupted fuel supply to safeguard Indian reactors and

create strategic fuel reserves for them, and also work with other NSG

countries to ensure supply of nuclear fuel to India. The ambit of the

deal includes research, development, design, construction, operation,

maintenance and use of nuclear reactors, reactor experiments and

decommissioning. To ensure smoothness, the agreement provides for

elaborate consultations between the two parties in the event of either

side wanting to terminate the deal before its normal time

Further, the agreement also lays down the clause of “non-interference”

in India’s strategic program. Thus, the Indian nuclear power program

stands to get a much needed push without any threat to its strategic

program.

And what does India give?

As part of the bargain India has agreed for separation of its nuclear

facilities, placing the civilian facilities under IAEA safeguards in

perpetuity. The safeguard is aimed at ensuring that the nuclear

material or technology brought in for civilian purposes is not

diverted for military use. Out of its 22 operating/under construction

nuclear facilities, India will place 14 under IAEA safeguard.

Reducing GHG Emissions: The Kyoto Mechanisms

The Kyoto Protocol has put in place three flexibility mechanisms to

reduce emission of Green House Gases. Although the Protocol places

maximum responsibility of reducing emissions on the developed

countries by committing them to specific emission targets, the three

mechanisms are based on the premise that reduction of emissions in any

part of the globe will have the same desired effect on the atmosphere,

and also that some developed countries might find it easier and more

cost effective to support emissions reductions in other developed or

developing countries rather than at home. These mechanisms thus

provide flexibility to the Annexure I countries, helping them to meet

their emission reduction obligations. Let us take a look at what these

mechanisms are.

What are the three flexibility mechanisms put in place of the Kyoto

Protocol for reducing GHG emission?



The three mechanisms are joint implementation. Emissions Trading and

Clean Development

What is Joint Implementation?



Through the Joint Implementation, any Annex I country can invest in

emission reduction projects (referred to as joint Implementation

Project) in any other Annex I country as an alternative to reducing

emissions domestically.

Two early examples are change from a wet to a dry process at a Ukraine

cement works, reducing energy consumption by 53 percent by 2008-2012;

and rehabilitation of a Bulgarian hydropower project, with a 267,000

ton reduction of C02 equivalent during 2008-2012.

What is Clean Development Mechanism?



The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows-’ developed country with

an emission reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the

Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission reduction project in

developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission

reductions in their own countries. In exchange for the amount of

reduction In emission thus achieved, the investing gets carbon credits

which it can offset against its Kyoto targets. The developing country

gains a Step towards sustainable development.

To get a CDM project registered and implemented, the investing

country’ has to first take approval from the designated national

authority in the host country, establish “Additionally”, define

baselines and get the project validated by a third party agency,

called a Designated Operational Entity (DOE). The Executive Body of

CDM registers the project and issues credits, called Certified

Emission Reductions (CERs), or carbon credits, where each unit is

equivalent to the reduction of one metric tonne of C02 or its

equivalent. There are more than 4200 CDM projects in the pipeline as

on 14.3.2010. The expected CERs till the end of2012 is 2,900,000,000

What is “Additionality” in a CDM project ?



The feature of “additionality” is a crucial element of a CDM project

it means that the industrialized country that is seeking to establish

the CDM project in the developing country and earns carbon credits

from it has to establish that the planned carbon reductions would not

have occurred on its own, in the absence of the CDM project. They have

to establish a baseline of the project. Which is the emission level

that would have been there in the absence of the project. The

difference between this baseline level and the (lower) emission level

achieved as a result of the project is the carbon credit due to the

investing country

What are some of the concerns regarding CDM?



The risk of “false Credits” is a cause for concern with regard to CDM

projects. If a project does not actually offer an additionally and the

reduction in emission would have happened anyway Even without the

project.